Philosophy Essay

The presence of God is seen in two begging to be proven wrong points of view †either the Divine Almighty exists or He doesn't. It is practically difficult to harp on uncovering the correct response to determine this issue as one is managing a theoretical issue that goes ridiculous and the physical or solid part of life and the universe. The primary contention addresses the presence of God in light of the fact that there is no unmistakable sign in all actuality that uncovers that He exists. The contrary contention contends that God exists in view of the inconceivability of the nearness of a Divine Being in spite of his non-presence in physical terms. This is bolstered by the ideals of confidence and the conviction that a more prominent force must be liable for the presence of man and life. Maybe getting some information about the presence of God is one of the most celebrated inquiries that have not been replied since the get-go. This may not exclusively be a direct result of the way that he doesn't include a physical element, yet in addition since God as a substance is ridiculous that individuals can't begin to characterize who or what He is, the thing that He can do, and such. So as to introduce a contention with respect to this issue, it is essential to talk about focuses which will demonstrate or rather excuse God’s presence. God exists, however He will possibly progressively exist on the off chance that one trusts in His actual presence. Justifying the presence of God is like demonstrating the presence of adoration. Love is a theoretical inclination or feeling, similar to God Himself is a nonrepresentational substance which doesn't exist in physical terms. Love is the equivalent. It is a theoretical inclination or feeling which can't be spoken to in substantial terms, be that as it may, individuals recognize what it is, if not have faith in it. Love exists since individuals put stock in it. Love is felt and communicated, characterizing its importance and criticalness, and encircling it as a legitimate term or feeling since individuals can feel it permitting them to realize it exists. Then again, individuals who don't put stock in adoration don't likewise trust it exists. I think this contention goes the equivalent with the request of the presence of God. God is a term or a word which speaks to a Divine Entity, while love is additionally a term or a word which speaks to a theoretical inclination or feeling. In any case, their reality as a general rule is just restricted in wording or words not except if individuals would accept they do exist and follow up on their reality. In this manner, God doesn't exist for individuals who don't have confidence in His reality, who don't offer significance to who He is as the maker of man and the universe. Consider love and why individuals trust it exists. This is on the grounds that individuals decide to have confidence in what they feel, albeit unexplainable and impalpable. Love is communicated from numerous points of view, from contacting, mindful, helping, doing great and kind acts, and so forth. Since affection is communicated, at that point it is felt importantly; and since it is felt, at that point individuals trust it exists. As far as the presence of God, individuals can legitimize His reality at that point by following up on their confidence. This implies venerating him, appealing to him, spreading His assertion, rehearsing or applying His instructions, and living in His honesty. God gets present in an individual’s life in the event that he decides to submit to Him and have faith in what He brings to the table for humanity. This implies in spite of the fact that God exists by definition, He will constantly exist as a general rule †that is in the lives of man and in all that they do †if individuals accept that He assumes a significant job in their lives and that He orders or coordinates man into living in the sort of life that He needs for His kin. The presence of God at that point is supported by confidence. Additionally, God exists inside the things that speak to who He is as a Diety †and that is in goodness, in affection, in trust, regard, trust, and charitableness. God’s presence maybe is the most troublesome issue to contend offered the assorted responses of individuals to this request. In any case, one potential defense is confidence in Him and all the things that individuals experience that is illustrative of God. That is man’s confidence in God brings Him past the term or word named to Him, and that the confidence of man drives Him to follow up on it by getting things done to recognize His reality.

Identifying Stakeholders and Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distinguishing Stakeholders and Interests - Essay Example This association is for the most part worried about the manifestations of reasonable frameworks of exchange that would profit the homestead laborers and guarantee that they get reasonable compensation. It conducts inquire about on the different perspectives identified with ranch laborers to guarantee that they get fulfillment from their work endeavors (Fair Trade, 2010). Plainly this association has worries on the interests of ranchers and along these lines, it underpins the work laws. The partners that are likewise connected with work laws are those in the Office of Disability Employment Policy. The partners for this situation wish to change the frameworks utilized in utilizing and tending to the issues that influence the individuals with incapacity. They have recommended the things fuses for the frameworks to change viably. The principal thing to change is the end of the disincentives in the government programs. These disincentives have been unfavorable to the individuals with inabilities and thus, it abuses the law on incorporation of all paying little mind to race, condition of capacity or ethnicity. The other thing that needs consideration is the coordinated effort and synchronization of the government programs (ODEP, 2010). The partners in this office have the point of improving the proficiency of work laws implying that they bolster the work laws. The National Mediation Board (NMB) is additionally an association worked to address the issues that influence human capital. Notwithstanding, this association has some policy driven issues encompassing it and accordingly, it doesn't bolster the work laws. The principal issue in this association is that all the senior individuals have arrived at the retirement age. This implies the association doesn't secure the interests of the youthful who are jobless and could fill the administration positions whenever given the opportunity. This association is additionally frail in its acquisition techniques and in this manner doesn't comply with the current work laws. It ought to consequently be changed for it to meet the work laws (Smith and Erez, 2011). The partners at

How the Primacy Effect Can Help You in Your Life

How the Primacy Effect Can Help You in Your Life Basics Print Understanding the Primacy Effect By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 06, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is the Primacy Effect? Causes Early Studies Influences Memory and the Primacy Effect What We Can Learn View All Back To Top Have you ever been asked to memorize a list of items? Or just been given a list of items that you tried to remember? If so, you might have noticed that its easier to remember the very first items and the very last items on the list, but the ones in the middle are a bit hazy. This is due to something researchers refer to as the primacy effect.  Verywell / Jessica Olah What Is the Primacy Effect? In simplest terms, the primacy effect refers to the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end. This is a cognitive bias that is believed to relate to the tendency to rehearse and related memory storage systems. Primacy vs. Recency Effect In contrast to the primacy effect, the recency effect refers to the tendency for people to more easily recall items that are presented last in a list. In the case of the recency effect, this is likely due to those items still being held in your short-term memory. When you consider the primacy and recency effect in tandem, what you see is a u-shaped curve, also known as the serial position curve, for the recall of items on a list. How Does the Recency Effect Influence Memory? Causes of the Primacy Effect What are the precise causes of the primacy effect? There are several causes that relate to how well information is attended to, practiced, and then later stored. Rehearsal As mentioned, the main cause is likely the fact that people tend to rehearse items in order to remember them. This means that items presented early in the list are more likely to be remembered because they have been practiced more than items in the middle or at the end of a list. This is supported by evidence showing that when study participants are instructed not to rehearse or are not given enough time to rehearse, the primacy effect disappears. Attention Span Theres also a second reason related to attention span. People are more likely to pay attention at the beginning and at the end of the presentation of a list of items, and so those are more likely to be remembered. Think back to the last conversation you had, the paragraph you read, show you watched, or podcast you listened to. Chances are you may have zoned out at some points during the middle but probably were paying attention at both the beginning and the end. Memory Limitations Finally, the primacy effect likely persists because of limits in memory. A person might be able to store those first few items to long-term memory, and those last few items might reside in short-term memory, but the ones in the middle never get stored. Early Studies on the Primacy Effect Much research has focused on examining the primacy effect, going all the way back to the 1940s. In the typical study, participants are presented with a list of words, each shown for a fixed amount of time. After the words are presented, the participants are asked to write down all of the words from the list that they can remember. Asch (1946) Solomon Asch first examined the primacy effect in a study using sentences with reversed order of adjectives. In the study using two groups, a character was described as either envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious and intelligent or intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious. The results showed that the second description led to the person being rated more highly. Murdoch (1962) In a 1962 study conducted by Murdoch, participants were asked to learn a list of words that varied in length from 10 to 40 words. Each word was presented with a one or two-second gap in between. Using free recall, they were then asked to remember the words. This study showed that the probability of recalling words on the list depended on their position on the list. Specifically, those at the beginning and the end were remembered more often. Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) In 1966, Glanzer and Cunitz gave two groups of participants the same list of words. One group was asked to immediately recall the words after being presented the list, while the other was asked to count backward in threes for 30 seconds before they had to recall the list. The study results showed that preventing rehearsal in this way meant that both the primacy and recency effects disappeared. What Influences the Primacy Effect We know that the primacy effect is influenced by several factors based on the results of existing research. Lets have a look at what these factors are: Time of Presentation. The longer the time between the presentation of items on the list, the greater the primacy effect. This is due to people having time to rehearse. Time of Recall. When there is a delay in recall, this affects the primacy effect in a negative way such that it is reduced. Memory and the Primacy Effect Researchers have concluded that the primacy effect supports the idea of two separate memory systems at work: short-term memory (recency effect) and long-term memory (primacy effect). The primacy effect involves rehearsing items until they enter long-term memory.The recency effect involves the brains ability to hold up to 7 items in short-term memory. This highlights that people are drawing on two different types of memory when they show the primacy and recency effect. What We Can Learn From the Primacy Effect How can you put this information about the primacy effect to use in your own life? Decision Making for Complex Choices One important takeaway is that the way in which we receive information is a critical factor during complex decision-making processes. This might come into play when making a large purchase or an important decision in our lives. Marketing experts are aware of this cognitive bias and use it to their advantage. They want your first impression and the last impression of a product to be positive. This is why you will see advertising for a product that is not yet available. It is also why a company will add extra finishing touches such as special packaging for a product. They want your first impression and last impression to be positive because these are the things that will matter. Its important to be aware of this if you are making a complex decision. Instead of being led by marketing, do your own research and keep it in the forefront as you weigh your options. This will make it less likely that you will fall prey to advertising and marketing strategies. How Cognitive Biases Influence How You Think and Act Making a Lasting Impression Finally, in your own life, if there is something that you want to stand out: say it first, say it last, or say it at both times! This is when it is most likely to be remembered. If youre trying to convince someone of something, repeat your message several times so that it is remembered. Remember that serial position matters as well as the content of your message (positive vs. negative) so its important to put this knowledge to use. Learning and Studying If you are a student, you can also put this information to use in your learning strategies. Become aware of your tendency to remember things from the beginning and end of what you study, and change up the position so that you can eventually store everything to your long-term memory. A Word From Verywell As if you already didnt have enough to remember, now youve got to remember what you might forget to remember! In its simplest terms, the primacy effect refers to our tendency to remember the first things we here in a series. This makes logical sense, but its not something youd typically think about. So the next time you find yourself in a high-pressure sales situation, trying to make a positive impression, or cramming for an exam, put this information to use. Gather your research so you wont be unduly influenced, say what you want people to remember most first, and change up the order in which you study things so that youre more likely to remember everything. What do you remember most from this article? Step away for a moment and try to list the main points you remember. Then check if you, yourself have also become an example of the primacy effect in action in your own life. 10 Unforgettable Facts About Your Memory and Our Lives

An Egg Is A Terrible Thing To Waste Essay - 934 Words

â€Å"This is your Brain on Drugs† was a public service announcement created in 1987 by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America foundation. The ad was later re-imaged in 1998 under the same title, and much of the same premise. The arguments of both advertisements were the caustic effects of drugs on your brain. The PFDA formed in the mid eighties with the simple idea of using ads to advocate the dangers of drugs use. They believed the persuasive nature of advertisements could denounce a product as effectively as they could promote them. Their first real success came with the original â€Å"This is your Brain on Drugs† advertisement. As a result, many of today’s public service announcements mirror the same techniques. These techniques greatly†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, one can sense the adverts lack of answers, as if there has been some omitted scene of earnestly raised hands all begging, â€Å"Yes, actually I do have a few questions.† Na mely, the claim someone’s brain would be irreparably damaged because they â€Å"snort heroin† once. As an example, it only takes a single blow to destroy the egg, and there’s no mention of contiguous snorting to implicate prolonged use. The imagery used attempts to warrant that if you snort heroin you will destroy your mind and body. The term for this type of circular reasoning is known as begging the question. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz showcase the fallacy’s central error as being â€Å"made on grounds that cannot be accepted as true because those grounds are in doubt† (529). For instance, if simply snorting drugs led to unequivocal brain damage there would be less addicts, and higher fatality rates from drug use. Although the dangers of prolonged drug use are well known, this precise analogy only works if one accepts that the human mind and body are tantamount to the fragility of an ordinary egg. The image of the fragile egg plays well into the second fallacy: the often used scare tactic known as the slippery slope. Lundsford and Ruszkiewicz describe this argument as one â€Å"that portrays today’s tiny misstep as tomorrow’s slideShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthe impact climate change can cause will be devastating. NASA predicts that climate change will cause massive draughts, intense hurricanes, and the average sea level to rise by up to 4 feet. There is no question that all of these results would be terrible, the question is what is causing them? The answer may not be as simple as we think. Most Americans would cite burning fossil fuels as the sole contributor to global climate change. While fossil fuels do play an enormous role, they are not the onlyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The Harlem Renaissance1594 Words   |  7 PagesMackenzie Rittenhouse CP English 11 Modernism in The Great Gatsby the Harlem Renaissance I hope she ll be a fool — that s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool . . . You see, I think everything s terrible anyhow . . . And I know. I ve been everywhere and seen everything and done everything. (The Great Gatsby, pg. 20) There was a loss of innocence, disillusionment and lack of faith in the American Dream. This became the movement known as Modernism. WWI was theRead Moreranscendentalists Emerson and Thoreau, Recognize the Value of Human Life599 Words   |  3 PagesScience and biology can help put this invalid conclusion to rest. A new life begins at fertilization, when the sperm fertilizes the egg and a zygote is created. All living creatures have certain characteristics that help them to be classified a living organism. Living things all have an organized cellular structure, contain certain chemicals, use energy, produce waste, grow, and reproduce. Science can tell us that this zygote is indeed a life, but it cannot go further. Scien ce can work only in theRead MoreMaterialism - the Great Gatsby1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthan a spiritual one. This has been a truth since the beginnings of America, such as the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby, which is an example of this set in the 20s. The characters in this novel are too fixed on material things, losing sight of what is really important. The characters in The Great Gatsby take a materialistic attitude that causes them to fall into a downward spiral of empty hope and zealous obsession. Fitzgerald contrasts Jay Gatsby and Nick CarrawayRead More Materialism - The Great Gatsby Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthan a spiritual one. This has been a truth since the beginnings of America, such as the setting of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, which is an example of this set in the 20’s. The characters in this novel are too fixed on material things, losing sight of what is really important. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The characters in The Great Gatsby take a materialistic attitude that causes them to fall into a downward spiral of empty hope and zealous obsession. Fitzgerald contrasts JayRead MoreThe Popularity Of The Fast Food Industry1316 Words   |  6 Pages Eating out, which had beforehand been viewed as an extravagance, turned into a typical event and after that a need. Laborers, and working families, required snappy administration and modest nourishment for both lunch and supper. This need is the thing that drove the amazing accomplishment of the early fast food goliaths, which took into account the family on the go. As the fast food industry started booming, they were the main source of part time job for teenagers. In late 1970’s, a staggeringRead MoreThe Meat And Dairy1267 Words   |  6 Pagesit took was a one or two degree drop to send us into a small Ice Age and five degrees is what buried North America in ice. 1880 was when tempertures were first p roperly measured which is why we start gauging the temperature rise from there. Many things have contributed to the raise in temperature since 1880 such as increased fossil fuel use but a large contributor especially in recent years is the meat and dairy industry. With all of this in mind one can see why the temperature even raising oneRead MoreWhy Hunting Is Still A Common Thing972 Words   |  4 PagesAt one point in time, humans relied on hunting and gathering to survive. Although now it is much easier to go get food for dinner, by just making a quick trip to the store, it is still really important to understand why hunting is still a common thing. 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It has been estimated that approximately 2600 million litres of waste oil are released into the oceans every year (Embach, 2017), from the improper disposal of waste motor oil as well as spills from oil rigs and tankers, and seepage from under the sea floor. Major oil spills form an oil slick on the surface of the water, killing fish, birds and marine mammals by poisoning adults and eggs, clogging up blowholes, and coating feathers and fur, leaving thousands of animals vulnerable

The Link Between Time, Money and Morality Essay - 979 Words

Gino and Mogilner (2014) have evidenced that the thought of money makes people engage in dishonest behaviour whereas the time leads to self-reflection, which directs people away from unethical behaviour. Although methodologically sound and the link clear, the paper focuses on the direct relationship between wanting money and behaving dishonestly. The paper could be made more applicable by considering impacting factors that affect unethical behaviour and focusing less on suggesting greed and lack of self-awareness as the reason for cheating. Being a primary focus of the paper, time was operationally defined through the level of self-reflection and self-awareness of participants (Gino and Mogilner, 2014). Through this, the findings†¦show more content†¦Moving on from the time construct, Gino and Mogilner (2014) looked at how the mere thought of gaining some money could cause people to act out of the norm in order to attain the money. Whilst the experiments conducted are thorough, the experiments could be improved by addressing the fact that there is more to this dishonest behaviour than simply gaining wealth. Past research has proposed the idea that being wealth itself is not the reason for unethical behaviour but the â€Å"love for money† is what corrupts individuals (Kouchaki, Smith-Crowe, Brief and Sousa, 2013). Other research has shown that individuals operate in a moral greyzone wherein the lines between honest and dishonest behaviour are blurred (Vincent, Emich and Goncalo, 2013). The findings of th is research align with the notion of self-concept maintenance, the idea that all individuals have an acceptable level of dishonesty, at which they are comfortable committing unethical acts (Ploner and Regner, 2013). Ploner and Regner continue to suggest that individuals engage in ‘moral balancing’ – where we compensate for being dishonest by doing a good deed. This provides insight suggesting that people might not cheat for the profit itself but perhaps because their self-image stands above theirShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Time, Money, and Morality942 Words   |  4 PagesMoney has mould, transformed and created a society where monetary security has triumphed over the essential concept of time and human morality, this correlating relationship has been highlighted in the paper, Psychological Science: Time, money and morality. Freud reinforces this point as â€Å"â€Å"†¦money questions will be treated by cultured people in the same manner as sexual ma tters, with the same inconsistency, prudishness and hypocrisy.† (Richard Trachtman 1998, http://www.richardtrachtman.com/pdf/moneytabooRead MoreNumerous studies conducted in the past decade have presented the link between self-reflection and900 Words   |  4 PagesNumerous studies conducted in the past decade have presented the link between self-reflection and people’s behaviour. 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However, the study performed by Francesca Gino and Cassie Mogilner suggests that it is not necessarily money – orRead MoreAn Essay On Man By Alexander Pope1265 Words   |  6 Pagesabout, as the desire to be prosperous was beginning to take over the morality behind getting to the top social classes. In an excerpt from Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, Hobbes suggests that morality and economics are innate qualities of humans, as the species was designed to compete over such things. In an excerpt from Second Treatise on Government by John Locke, Locke argues that social norms have a greater strong-hold on morality than the drive for economics, though they both do drive humans. In â€Å"AnRead MoreVideo Games Do Not Encour age Violence Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmoved to discourage the development of violent games while also pushing for stronger regulations when purchasing such games. There is also debate among parents and concerns on how games can negatively influence their children. 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The Stock Market Crash and The Great Depression in the US

Stock Market Crash 25 billion dollars lost in 1 day, roughly 25% of the nations population was without a job, and the suicide rate skyrocketed. These are just a few factors that turned the Stock Market Crash of 1929 into the Great Depression, one of the longest and worst economic downturns of that time, according to History.com. 16 million shares were lost at the New York Stock Exchange, eliminating thousands of investors on October 29th, 1929. The Stock Market Crash impacted the United States by putting Millions of people out of jobs, and putting America in one of the deepest financial and economical holes of that time. Today, Americans are still worried it could happen again, which is causing some people to not trust banks, or†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"Bear Market† is a market that seems to be in a long term decline, this occurs when the economy enters a recession. The â€Å"Bull Market† is when the market seems to be in a long-term incline. Therefore the stock prices wil l continue to rise to high numbers. On Thursday October 24th, 1929; Richard Whitney, who was the vice-president of the New York Stock Exchange and the broker for the House of Morgan made an attempt to calm things down. Brokers with more money got together, and bought stock above the current market. It worked for quite some time, but on Tuesday October 29th, the stock market fell apart. The value of stocks declined rapidly, and money was lost almost instantly. The Ignorance caused lots of panicking and unneeded stress. People started to get worried, and this lead into the â€Å"Great Depression† of 1929. This financial breakdown affected every aspect of life as an American. Those hurting during the â€Å"Great Depression† were more surprised and shocked than mad. Many Americans sank into deep depression because they were unable to find jobs, therefore they could not support their families. 7 to 8 percent of the population owned stocks. John Jakob Raskob, a rich industr ialist spoke about how easy it was for americans to become rich, All you had to do was invest in stocks. The Federal Reserve System did pretty much nothing to keep track of how much money someone could take out, and use for aShow MoreRelatedThe Stock Market Crash Of 19291590 Words   |  7 PagesThe cause of the crash in the stock market in 1929, was an incident that occurred on October 29, which was called Black Tuesday. Investors traded 16 million dollar of shares toward the New York Stock Exchange in a day, upon that billions of dollars were lost and investors lost their business or their jobs. one of the major reason why was that car and other factory produced certain quota of cars. during the great depression people who were rich is now poor and the poor and the poorer. people wereRead MoreJim Braddock and The Great Depression1154 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin Roosevelt said, â€Å"When you come to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on,† and it directly relates to the Great Depression. People thought that because of this huge downturn that they would not survive but they had to â€Å"tie a knot in their rope,† and continue to try and survive. The great depression was a time of horror and failure. The giant Stock Market crashes of the 1930’s triggered this major blow to the nations economy. This major devastation also leads many families intoRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Great Depression By Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation1115 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do you think about when you hear The Great Depression? Some might say the worst economic time in the United States of America. The Great Depression was one of the longest and innermost economic downturn in the world of history between the years of 1929 and 1939. Also, The Great Depression led to the Federal Government having a more involved role in America s economy, this was done through the creatio n of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal Legislation, which turned out to be effective becauseRead MoreWill Mcclellan3/5/17. Herbert Hoover. Herbert Herbert Is874 Words   |  4 Pagestimes such as the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. These were tough tasks for a president and since the Great Depression lasted so long, I don’t believe that he handled them very well so I believe that Herbert Hoover belongs in the hall of shame. Hoover became President in March, 1929. The stock market crash occurred in October, 1929 and lasted for four days. The stock market lost more than 25% of its value over those four days and is considered the worst crash in the historyRead MoreThe Crisis Of The 1929 Stock Market Crash1378 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 2007, the United States were kicked off by the subprime mortgage crisis, emphasized by the banking and financial crisis of 2008. The global economic crisis called the Great Recession followed in 2008. It has been famously regarded as preventable by the memory of the Great Depression in the late twenties. The stock market crash of â€Å"Black Thursday† on the 24th of October 1929 marked the end of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, temporary period of prosperity and endless hope in the United States. But this hopeRead MoreGreat Depression And The Great Recession864 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Great Depression† and the â€Å"Great Recession† are two of the darkest times in American history. There is much debate about the cause of the Great Depression and how it differed from the cause of the Great Recession. Many people believe that the stock market crash of 1929 played a major role the Great Depression. On the other hand, the stock market crash of 2008 drove America into the Great Recession. The causes of stock market crashes are often unforeseen, but many have detectable indicators.Read MoreThe Great Depression : The Fall Of A Nation1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression: The Fall of a Nation The Great Depression was a hard time for America. The name fits like a glove because it was, in fact a depression. The Great Depression was crucial to American history because it changed every aspect of American life, revealed how big a power America was, and it established multiple government agencies around the world to make sure something like it never happens again. The economy was at a highpoint in 1929. It was easier for people to buy stock (â€Å"StockRead MoreThe Stock Market Crash of 19291289 Words   |  6 Pagesat home or in the bank into the stock market. People migrated to the prosperous cities with the hopes of finding much better life. In the 1920s, the stock market reputation did not appear to be a risky investment, until 1929.First noticeable in 1925, the stock market prices began to rise as more people invested their money. During 1925 and 1926, the stock prices vacillated but in 1927, it had an upward trend. The stock market boom had started by 1928. The stock market was no longer a long-term investmentRead MorePresident Herbert Hoover : The Legacy Of The Great Depression1156 Words   |  5 PagesHoover’s lack of action that brought America to its knees before the Great Depression. Should Herbert Hoover be defined as the ineffective president accountable for the aftermath of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or did he ac tually play an important role in alleviating the economic turmoil, but simply went unrecognized for his heroic contributions? Although he is known to be an excellent businessman, the prevention of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 was an impossible feat for even someone as educated as

Genetics Research Essay Example For Students

Genetics Research Essay The Future of Genetics The HGP began in 1990, it is a 13-year effort coordinated and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The Human Genome Projects goals are to identify all the 100,000 genes in human DNA; determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA; store this information in databases; develop tools for data analysis; transfer related technologies to the private sector; and address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. A working draft of the human sequence was completed earlier this year, 2000. The U.S. Human Genome Project (HGP), composed of the DOE and NIH Human Genome Programs, is the national coordinated effort to characterize all human genetic material by determining the complete sequence of the DNA in the human genome. The HGPs ultimate goal is to discover all the more than 80,000 human genes and render them accessible for further biological study. To facilitate the future interpretation of human gene function, parallel studies are being carried out on selected model organisms, such as Drosophilia Melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. According to the department of energy program report, a perfect draft of the human sequence is due in 2003. Some of the ways that geneticists use to map the Human Gene are Atomic Force Microscopy of Biochemically Tagged DNA, Intracellular Flow Karyotyping, and Electrotransformation for Introducing DNA into Industrial Bacilli Intracellular flow karyotyping appears to be a feasible and beneficial method for analyzing karyotype aberrations from individual cells using flow cytogenetics. The flow karyotyping method allows quantification of chromosomal DNA by flow cytometry and thus analysis of chromosomal aberrations on chromosome suspensions. Amounts of data providing statistical significance can be collected quickly and the approach allows accurate mapping of chromosomal DNA composition. The limitation of the method is at the cellular level of analysis, which is an impossibility to detect low-frequency or heterogeneous events, with this method. The aim of this intracellular flow karyotyping project is improving the technology to extend the method to the analysis of karyotype aberrations from individual cells. This technology might be especially useful for the detection and quantification of heterogeneous abnormalities. Chromosomal changes of this type occur through ionising radiation exposure and are involved in karyotype instability and tumorigenesis. This approach will be investigated both for biological dosimetry purposes, especially in low-dose contexts (count of abnormal cells, count of abnormalities per cell) and for research purposes (karyotype instability known as tumorigenesis). Preliminary results demonstrating the feasibility were obtained using hydrodynamic destruction of mitotic cells by capillary flow, high gradient devices and monovariate (DNA quantification) flow karyotyping. This approach of cell membrane destruction will be optimised and alternative methods (particularly ultrasonic disintegration) developed. The intracellular staining method of chromosomes with DNA specific fluorochromes will be improved especially for dual parameter (DNA content and base pair composition quantification) intracellular flow karyotype analysis. The method will be adapted for modern serial flow, cytometer systems (first step: partners equipment). The development of new algorithms and computer programs for data interpretation is in progress. In parallel to the technical improvements pilot research using different human cell line models will be conducted to investigate the methods parameters. Another way used to map genes is Atomic Force Microscopy of Biochemically Tagged DNA. According to the 1998 cytometry report by V Zenin, this process uses small DNA fragments of a known length. They are made using a polymerase chain reaction. These frag-ments contain biotin molecules, usually vitamin H, covalently attached to each end. Then the DNA is labeled with streptavidin. This tetrameric complex was expected to bind up to four DNA molecules via their attached biotin molecules. The DNA is then imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Images revealed the protein at the end of the DNA strands as well as the presence of dimers, trimers, and tetramers of DNA bound to a single protein. Imaging time was about 1 min. The DOE Program report states With these results, we believe we have shown that AFM does have sufficient resolution to map DNA. So Deeply To Be Reverenced, So Fair, Essay In its simplest form, mapping involves measuring the physical distance between two points of DNA. In this experiment we have demonstrated the ability of .

How To Write An Analytical Essay

How To Write An Analytical Essay: Hints To Create Perfect Essay Do you like to argue? If so, an analytical essay may come naturally to you but for most college students, this essay can be quite difficult. As a student, you have to write essays on several topics and an analytical essay is a common assignment where you need to find a point and argue a case for it. While it can be one of the more interesting assignments, how to write an analytical essay is not so easy. This task takes a lot of time and effort and the structure and how you formulate your arguments takes a lot of skill. The fact is, while you may be passionate about a topic, many students don’t know how to start writing an analytical essay correctly and writing an assignment according to your professors demands is another task altogether. But you are in luck, we’ve assembled an exhaustive guide that will set you on your way to writing an analytical essay that is sure to impress your instructor. Preparing For Writing An Analysis Essay Preparation is the key ingredient for drafting a qualitative essay. We’ll delve into strategies on brainstorming a topic, effective tips on drafting your essay outline, developing a strong thesis statement, and choosing an effective topic. With these strategies, the complexities behind how to write an analysis essay will vanish and you’ll be sure to write your assignment with confidence and get a high grade. What Is An Analytical Essay? So before we begin, lets address what an analytical essay is. An analytical essay is when you address a fact, concept, or event and create an argument for or against the reasons behind it. Examples could include why a filmmaker used a certain camera technique, why an author depicted a character in a certain way, or why a social policy was implemented and to what aim it had intended. If you’re having trouble putting together an analytical essay you can always ask us do my essay and we can deliver your paper in as little as three hours. Choose One Of Good Analysis Essay Topics When choosing a topic for an analytical essay, the first rule is to be interesting. Professors read essay’s all day long and if you want to get a high grade, pick a topic that is creative. However, don’t go overboard, stick to a concept that you had studied in your course, but do give your instructor something to read and think about – s/he will appreciate it. The second rule is to start asking yourself â€Å"why† in every detail of the subject, this will generate a list of ideas for you to write about. Brainstorming To Discover The Topic Of Analytical Essay Brainstorming is critical for your analytical essay. As you are running down the list of â€Å"whys† on your topic, start your analysis essay topics by writing them down. Start drawing connections between certain events and how everything panned out. This strategy will give your essay a much larger scope for you to develop. Once you have an extensive list of potential topics, find a topic that has a general theme with lots of supporting elements. Use the inverted pyramid method where you take one larger idea and drill down to smaller details, this will support developing a strong structure to your essay. Create Analytical Thesis Statement Once you’ve decided on a topic that has enough supporting details for a compelling argument, draft your analytical thesis statement. The thesis statement will help readers understand what your paper is about and the case you are going to make in the body of your essay. For an analytical essay, draft a thesis statement that speaks confidently about the argument you are about to make and pulls the readers curiosity as to why you are making your claim. Write Analysis Essay Outline With your thesis statement, you are now ready to draft your outline. Again refer to the inverted pyramid strategy of drafting an effective analytical essay template. Start with your introduction to hook the reader and make your thesis statement then transition to the main part of your essay. From the start of the body make your strongest claim with supporting details and then follow with your weakest claim and finish up the body with another strong claim. Doing so will give your essay a nice rhythm to keep the readers interest high. If you elect to order essay from us we can take care of all this for you. With that complete, you are ready for your conclusion to restate your thesis and summarize your main points. The goal is to start with a flash and end with a bang. Writing An Analytical Essay The right analytical essay structure is the recipe for success and getting a high grade on your analytical essay. This type of essay much more difficult than a standard 5 paragraph essay. You will not have as much freedom and will have to follow a much more rigid structure. Think of the essay as a single unit to express a common argument. You’ll need to clearly state your arguments in a logical format will persuade your reader, and more importantly your professors. When writing your essay, be sure to set a time and place where you can work without distractions. Use your outline and go down the list including all the details. Many students struggle with this essay and hire an analytical essay writing service. Analytical Essay Introduction Your introduction serves as a guide to engage the reader on your topic and inform what is to follow. You may find it easier to write your analytical essay introduction after completing the body of your essay. You’ll have a concrete idea of what is to follow and will be able to start your introduction start with a hook to get the reader interested. You may accomplish this by asking a question or posting a thought-provoking quote. Also, move into your thesis statement and exit with a transition to the main body. Body Paragraphs Of Analytical Essay Many types of essay have different formats but when writing an analytical essay, it is always a good idea to start off with your strongest point first. Think of it as a step-by-step process where you keep the reader engaged to follow through with the rest of your essay. Next, follow up with supporting paragraphs going into finer details until you completely make your case. Be sure to include evidence with any claims that you make, reference other materials that support the topic of your essay to give credibility to your arguments. Also mix up the strength of your points, doing so will ensure your essay doesn’t get too drawn out and boring. Conclusion Of Analysis Essay The conclusion of your analysis essay is important because it is what is most remembered. Concluding your essay should leave the reader with a lasting impression and persuaded to agree with your argument. Restate your thesis statement to remind point you were addressing and then summarize your arguments picking out the most pertinent details. Formulate an ending that reinforces the argument of your thesis statement A successful conclusion will give the reader something to walk away with to remember. Edit And Proofread Your Analytical Essay The most important part of the writing process is to proofread and edit when writing an analysis essay. Even professional writers proofread their own work or have another set of eyes look at it. You don’t want to hand in sloppy work that will needlessly be docked points. When editing your essay review the flow of your essay and make sure you’ve answered any open questions. Also, make sure you’ve made your points in a clear manner and your arguments are bulletproof. Writing an analytical essay is a challenging assignment but with the right preparation and a thorough analysis essay outline you can succeed in creating the proper structure to create a good paper. If you struggle with writing or lack the time or motivation, professional writers at are available to get your tasks done on time. offers 24/7 service and custom papers written from scratch. If you’re ready to buy custom essay reach out to the pros and get guaranteed results.

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Essay Example

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Essay Example Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Paper Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Paper The chemical reactions within yeast are facilitated by enzymes; most enzymes optimal temperature range is warm. The warmer the water, the more the enzymes are in their optimal temperature angle and the more efficiently they catalyst chemical reaction; this makes the fermentation proceed more quickly. In this experiment, the effect of variation of temperature on the fermentation of yeast was tested. If temperature affects the fermentation of the yeast, then the rate of yeast fermentation will change with the different levels of temperature. To perform this experiment the following materials were used: 3 empty, clean water bottles, 3 latex balloons, 3 rubber bands, glass measuring cup (1 -cup capacity), teaspoon, tablespoon, all-purpose flour, granulated sugar, 10 degree Celsius water, 29 degree Celsius water, 43 agree Celsius water, and 3 packets of active dry yeast. To start this experiment, each empty, dry water bottle was filled with one 1/4 ounce packet of active dry yeast, 1 teaspoon of granulated sugar, 2 tablespoons of all-purpose flour, and 1 cup of room temperature distilled water. A latex balloon was then secured on the top of each bottle with a rubber band. 3 glass bowls were filled with water of varying temperatures. One water bottle filled with the yeast solution was placed in a glass bowl at 10 degrees Celsius, one placed in a bowl of 29 degrees Celsius, and the other placed in a bowl at 43 degrees Celsius. By keeping all glass bowls at their constant initial temperature, observations and results found that temperature does indeed have effect on the fermentation of yeast. The water bottle that was placed in the cold water (10 degrees Celsius) had no change after 20 minutes. The water bottle placed in the room temperature water (29 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes; the solution slightly foamed inside the water bottle as the yeast fermented and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 21 h CM. The water bottle placed in the warm water (43 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes as well; the solution created very much foam inside the water bottle (about 2 inches above initial solution volume level) and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 30 CM. The picture above was taken with an phone to show visual results gathered by the experiment conducted. In conclusion, the higher the temperature of the water in the glass bowl, the more fermentation the yeast had.

Magic, Superstition, and Fetishism in the Movie The Natural Essay

Magic, Superstition, and Fetishism in the Movie The Natural - Essay Example The researcher states that fetishism is clearly depicted right from the start of the movie. As such, this character has a craze for success in baseball. This is evidenced by Hobbs designing a wooden bat and naming it â€Å"WonderBoy†. He ensures that he carries it with him to the city. Despite the mysterious shooting by the woman, Hobbs goes under and according to the events; he re-emerges, from baseball leagues unknown to anyone, and surprisingly, appear in the lineup of a fictional baseball team in the name New York Knights. It happens that he turns up with his boyhood â€Å"Wonderboy† This is a clear evidence of fetishism and as such, it is undeniable. Furthermore, he has an obsession with women. This starts from the point where he decided to pursue his dreams. He first fell for a mysterious woman, Harriet Bird, who sidetracks his dream. A further manifestation of the craze for women is where, after becoming a star player, he is attracted to a beautiful woman called Memo Paris, and a niece to the manager of the team he plays for. He is aware that, the woman is a mistress to a character acting as a gambler. Once again, the crave attempts to destroy his career. This introduces another character of whom we come to know that he had a relationship with since his boyhood. There are events entailed in this movie that a critic can consider as superstitious. For instance, Hobbs falls in love with Memo. As such, he puts more concentration on this woman in an effort to solidify and further this relationship. In response to this, Memo’s Uncle, guided by an aspect of superstition, issues a warning statement to Hobbs that, Memo imparts a bad luck on any person who seems to associate with her. In reality, a belief is a subject to superstition and if taken into account, it is deemed to happen. This is evident as this belief by Pop resulted in a slump hit. As such, after ignoring this warning, he tried to resolve this slump and no matter how many instanc es he tried to do so, none of his efforts succeeded.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Research Paper

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Research Paper Example FARC has waged war against the Colombian government for roughly four decades. At the start of the insurgency, the group had merely more or less 350 soldiers. Majority of these soldiers were the disgruntled and peasants, and they did not have the necessary advanced weaponry (Corrales & Romero 98-99). From this humble beginning, the group’s military capability has risen to roughly 18,000 combatants (Martin 214). Besides its assaults on Colombian economic, political, and military institutions, FARC has been deeply engaged in murder, extortion, kidnapping for ransom, drug trafficking, and other crimes (Hough 386). In fact, the organization becomes more popular for its deep involvement in illegal narcotics businesses than for its rebellious operations. However, its leaders remain devoted to its social revolutionary objectives and use terrorist methods to terrorize or pressure its political enemies. Even though FARC has been successful in taking over massive portions of Colombian territory, the group has been unsuccessful until now to overpower the Colombian armed forces in open combat (Lee 29). This paper discusses current efforts to combat FARC and speculates as to why they are still successfully active. The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, headed by Carlo Castano, is a conservative paramilitary organization created in 1984 to fight guerilla soldiers or insurgent groups in Colombia, like FARC. Its exercise of terrorism to abolish the support base of these guerilla militias has made it a dominant and feared army in Colombia (Martin 214). The country’s government since the 1960s has been combatting a number of radical terrorist organizations; the two biggest are the National Liberation Army (ELN) and the FARC (Hough 381). The operations and activities of FARC, alongside the narcotics industry, have given Colombia a quite infamous and perilous reputation. The Colombian army  The Colombian army raided a campsite owned by the FARC on the 26th of March 2012, taking the lives of 36 members of the organization and arresting three more.  

A Case Study In Chinese Independent Secondary Schools Education Essay

A Case Study In Chinese Independent Secondary Schools Education Essay This study is to examine the role of leadership in teacher professional development in Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley. The specific variables that will be investigated include teachers perceptions of teacher professional development; teachers expectations as well as the principals role in facilitating teacher professional development. Developments in leadership will lead to changes in the ways teachers work. These will subsequently increase the need to review teacher professional development. The purpose of this research is to establish how the dual of the principal and the teachers manifests itself in professional development. This research will be significant as it will examine the voices of teachers on how leadership contributes to teacher professional development. The research will be conducted using qualitative methodology. It will be based on a case study of two Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley. Data will be collected using questionna ires and follow up interviews which will be administered to elicit responses from principals, deputy principals and teachers in both schools. The findings will reveal the need for teachers in Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley to engage more in teacher professional development programmes in order for them to have a better understanding of the concept. This study will also demonstrate if teacher professional development should be the core work of both the principals and teachers in order to create a learning environment in their schools so that both can develop professionally. Based on the results obtained in this study, we will determine if Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley need more awareness in teacher professional development and how it will influence the leadership. Keywords: Leadership, Principals, Teachers, Teacher Professional Development, Teaching and Learning 1.0 INTRODUCTION Having been a teacher for ten years and now majoring in educational management, I am very much interested in finding out the effects of school leadership on the professional development of the teachers in the Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Selangor. Chinese Secondary Independent Schools are solely governed by The United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM) which coordinates the curriculum used in the schools and organizes the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) standardized test. Generally teachers are not employed through the professional teachers training colleges in Malaysia rather they are appointed through individual school administration which is governed by the directors (share holders) of the school as they are not governed by any central system therefore school management is based on the individual school superiors. As a teacher from a Chinese Independent Secondary School, I had been involved in various professional development programmes in school. These programmes were mostly conducted during school hours and often during the school holidays. Thus it is my interest to find out how the school leadership contributes in molding and producing teachers who are as competent as the trained teachers by the Teachers Training Colleges under the Malaysia Education System. This is because this will determine whether the Chinese Secondary Independent Schools are producing individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God, in line with the goals of the Malaysian National Philosophy of Education. Basically every organization needs routines to function in a good way. In organizations like higher secondary schools, the routines involve being continuously observant about the force of leadership and teaching on students involvement academically. To implement this observation, they also know how to judge students, and the efficiency of all professional activities. Therefore teachers and students solely rely on non-governmental organization to provide relevant professional training and development for further enhancement of teaching outcome. This proposed study will be able to shed some light on various strategies deployed by the school administration in enhancing professional development among teachers of Chinese Secondary Independent Schools in order to stimulate the pupils potentials holistically in accordance with the Education Philosophy. As a school administrator, I strongly believe it is the job and the responsibility of the head teacher to see that the pupils achieve success besides possessing the following qualities : knowledgeable, competent, possess high moral standards and are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large. (Malaysian National Philosophy of Education, 1996). This research takes the form of a qualitative study that employs three research instruments: document analysis, questionnaires that are filled in by all the teachers and five semi-structured interview sessions. Therefore, I would very much like to gain an insight into the ways in which the school leadership behaviour and practices affect the teachers overall achievement in professional development in line with the students overall achievement in schools. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Teachers are a vital labor force according to the Malaysian educational aims in enhancing the education quality and developing manpower of the nation. The importance for professional development for teachers in Malaysia was realized since 1995 by a special committee established by the Education Ministry to look into teachers professionalization, professionalism and professional development. Teachers professional development was one of the most important factor to enhance the teaching profession. Below are a few suggestions highlighted by the MOE on how teacher professional development be conducted: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teachers should be encouraged to attend in-service courses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teachers should be encouraged to further their education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Opportunities should be given to teachers for study visits overseas to study current developments in education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Induction programmes be given to teachers appointed to new posts and with new responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Staff rooms should be subject-based à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Teacher centres should facilitate the professional development of teachers; they should be built in strategic locations, equipped with modern technology, fully funded and adequately staffed (as cited in Mohd Sofi Ali, 2002, p. 45). Based on the above needs and requirements the government has made efforts to establish training centres for its teachers. The teacher education division which comes under the MOE and MOHE initiates both the pre-service and in-service training for the primary and secondary school teachers. Chinese independent secondary school is a type of private high school in Malaysia. They provide secondary education in the Chinese language as the continuation of the primary education in Chinese national-type primary schools. The medium of instruction in these schools is Mandarin with simplified Chinese characters writing. There are a total of 60 Chinese independent high schools in the country, including 23 from East Malaysia, and they represent a small number of the high schools in Malaysia. The United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM, the association of Chinese school teachers and trustees, also known as the Dong Jiao Zong, coordinates the curriculum used in the schools and organizes the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) standardized test. Despite this, the schools are independent of each other and are free to manage their own affairs. The teaching workforce for Chinese Independent Secondary Schools is generally made up of three categories: Diploma , Degree and Master Degree holders. There are also a category of teachers who completed seven years of secondary education and are employed as teachers after undergoing a non-residential short course. This was initially done in the initial stages as to produce as many teachers in the shortest time possible so as to cater for the demands of teachers in Chinese Independent Secondary Schools for a simple reason that they are not under the MOE and as an independent organization teachers are to be sourced out on their own. Being private schools, Chinese independent high schools do not receive funding from the Malaysian government, unlike their national-type cousins. However, in accordance with their aim of providing affordable education to all in the Chinese language, their school fees are substantially lower than those of most other private schools. The schools are kept alive almost exclusively by donations from the public. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Basically the proposed study is to look at the leadership focus in the circumstance of the case study of Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Selangor. The following are the key aims of this research; What are the leadership styles practiced by school heads in the school vicinity, what is the professional development activities conducted in schools, how does school head and teachers perceived professional development? Professional development is believed to perk up the excellence of teaching and the quality performance of learners. Knapp (2003:109) believes that every initiative that is geared towards improving teaching and learning in schools should consolidate its efforts chiefly towards high quality teacher professional development and this is perceived as one of the roles attached to principalship. This provides a basis upon which teachers can improve their instructional competence and pedagogic skills. Another objective for this study is to examine how have the leadership styles affected the professional development in schools? 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT The role of the principal in supporting professional development activities of teachers appears to be crucial to the success of the professional growth of teachers (Berube, Gaston, Stepans, 2004 citing Stepans, 2001). Therefore it is strongly reckoned that a strong school leadership will enhance teacher professional development in a more effective manner. Berube et al (2004) state that, In addition to performing these organisational and managerial tasks, contemporary principals are expected to be leaders, setting directions for the teaching and learning of students. They also are expected to coach, teach, and develop teachers in their schools, and perform their tasks as instructional leaders. Generally it depends on the leadership of the school on the various method they would choose to enforce professionalism among teachers in their respective schools. At the moment the most popular forms of teacher professional development in most Chinese Independent Secondary Schools are workshops and seminars held both within the schools and at the Dong Zhong headquarters. This study hopes to intensify the understanding of the potential role of principals in teacher development. Currently there is insufficient support for teacher professional development which could affect the quality of education that students receive and ultimately impact on their likelihood to pass their final high school external examination and transition into higher education among students of Chinese Independent Secondary Schools RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To investigate the leadership styles practiced by school heads. To explore the professional development activities being conducted in schools. To examine the factors that influence school head and teachers perception in professional development To determine the impact of leadership styles on professional development in schools. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION The proposed research questions for this study seek to answer these questions; 1. What are the leadership styles practiced by school heads? 2. What is the professional development activities conducted in schools? 3. How does school head and teachers perceived professional development? 4. How has the leadership styles affected the professional development in schools? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Generally on the contrary not many studies have examined principals role and practices in relation to teacher professional development. However, there is a need to develop a better understanding of what principals do and how they facilitate teacher development in order to be able to shape a positive school climate that supports teacher learning (Drago- Severson, 2004). Drago-Severson put forth a learning oriented model of school leadership that includes teaming, engaging in collegial inquiry and mentoring targeted at attaining that relationship to foster educational growth more effectively. The teachers perceptions of the way the school leader functions appears to be an important parameter for the appreciation of the contribution of the school to the process of professional development (Clement et al., 2000, p.7). This study aims to investigate whether teacher professional development is perceived as central to student achievement by school leadership (principals) at Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Selangor. Basically there are four Chinese Independent School distinctively located in Selangor where each school consists of almost two thousand students along with 130 staff member. It also aims specifically to examine the role that principals play to encourage teacher professional development in their schools. Professional support. Activities within the professional training category include; short conferences, courses, workshops both in the schools and outside the schools, for which emphasis is put on enhancing the knowledge and skills of participants and formal certification is not provided. As Bolam further points out, professional education in contrast leads to formal qualifications and relevant certificates. Professional support according to Earley Bubb (2004) involves on-the-job s upport that is primarily intended to improve teachersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ experience and performance. Activities in this category may include coaching, mentoring, and induction. The results of this research will contribute to those studies, which have been carried out, in the quest for broadening and understanding the roles of school leaders with regard to professional development of teachers. The study could also assist the Board of United Chinese Secondary School Association policy makers to assess the contents of the courses necessary for prospective and incumbent school heads and teachers of Chinese Independent Secondary Schools, to ensure that they are equipped with relevant skills required to run schools in a way that would enhance the achievement of Vision and Mission alongside with goals of Ministry of Education in Malaysia. CHAPTER 2 2.0 LITERATURE FRAMEWORK 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter looks at the meaning of school leadership and teachers professional development and discusses its significance to the teaching profession and the notion of teacher professionalism. Several themes that emerged from the literature base reviewed such as the changing paradigm of leadership styles, professional development, the impact of professional development on teachers and school heads, core features of effective professional development, changing leadership practices and teachers professional development impact in school are also discussed. Figure 1 : Leadership Styles Hopkins (2001b) highlights the centrality of transformational and instructional leadership practices in achieving school improvement in schools facing challenging circumstances. Existing literature also indicates that the most popular theories are located in the transactional and transformational models identified more than 20 years ago (Burns, 1978; Hoy and Miskell, 2008) and lately reinvented through such terms as liberation (Tampoe, 1998), educative (Duignan and McPherson, 1992), invitational (Stoll and Fink, 1996) and moral leadership (Sergiovanni, 1992). Apparently a leader holds full responsibility in creating a conducive school community. He or she needs to diversify the leadership roles so that change can be accepted by subordinates. All teacher working under a leader should be anchored towards the same mission and vission in order to achieve success in the aims and goals of the organization(Farrell, 2003). According to Portin (2003) below are the seven key leadership functions that must exist in all schools regardless of type and size: 1. Instructional: assuring quality of instruction and supervising curriculum 2. Cultural: dealing with history and traditions 3. Managerial: focusing on school operations 4. Human Resource: recruiting, hiring, firing, and mentoring teachers and staff 5. Strategic: promoting the vision, mission, and goals of the school 6. External Development: representing the school in the community 7. Micropolitical: mediating and dealing with internal interests 2.1.1 Leadership Styles Fullan (2000, 2001) presages school leaders that there is no mystic solution to making schools effective. More exactly, leaders should make an attempt to learn moral leadership practices to help assure that whatever changes and change process they see to adopt are as successful as possible. Therefore leadership styles practiced by school heads are the foremost contributing factor to the running of the school organization which subsequently promotes the professional development of its staff. Basically leadership styles practiced are known as below: Figure 2 : Types of Leadership 2.2 TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT 2.2.1 Definitions Definitions on Teacher Professional Development vary according to educational backgrounds and situations. In education systems where teacher education programs are well recognized, Teacher Professional Development is defined as a process taking up all activities that increase professional career development (Rogan Grayson 2004; Tecle 2006) or as formal and informal experiences throughout the teachers career (Hargreaves Fullan 1992; Arends et al. 1998). Furthermore teachers will be able to go beyond their primary training as they fulfill a number of objectives as below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ to update individuals knowledge of a subject in light of recent advances in the area; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ to update individuals skills, attitudes and approaches in light of the development of new teaching techniques and objectives, new circumstances and new educational research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ to enable schools to develop and apply new strategies concerning the curriculum and other aspects of teaching practice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ to exchange information and expertise among teachers and others, e.g. academics, industrialists; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ to help weaker teachers become more effective. 2.2.2 Importance of Teacher Professional Development In line with changes and challenges faced by the teaching profession various methods, techniques and information are updated regularly and to upkeep with this pace education alone is insufficient for teachers. Professional development is part of life-long learning and educating oneself. Professional development allows an educator to reflect and on decision making and trouble shoot challenging roles in being an educator. Hence due to the importance of teacher professional development the Ministry of Education in Malaysia has set up Teacher Education Division (TED), Aminuddin Baki Institute (IAB),The School Inspectorate and Quality Assurance Division and the Malaysian Institute of Teacher Education to plan, manage and implement teacher professional development activities in all states in order to uphold to the mission and vision in providing quality education to all. The teacher is the heart of classroom instruction (Fullan 2000;Hargreaves 2001). The effectiveness of the teacher depends on her competence (academically and pedagogically) and efficiency, (ability, work load, and commitment), teaching and learning resources and methods; support from education managers and supervisors (Rogan 2004; Van den Akker Thijs 2002; Mosha 2004). Through Professional development an educator or teacher is able to practice effective management in the classroom , it allows a path where a teacher learns to cope with difficulty faced in the classroom. These experiences provide a learning platform for teacher where they are able to improve their personal skills in handling challenges in the classroom in particular and school generally. 2.2.3 Forms of Teacher Professional Development Teachers are the heart and soul of learning; they are in fact lifelong learners. Constant reinvention and revolutionary in the education field makes teachers to stay in par through whatever circumstances in professional development. To date there are various ways and strategies implemented to enhance teachers mode of learning and sharing on the whole whether its a private or government school. Guskey (2000a, p. 22-29) reviewed seven core professional development practices and identified advantages and shortcomings for each. An abbreviated version is provided below. Method Advantage Shortcoming Training presentation, workshop, demonstration, simulation, discussions, seminars, colloquia, etc. efficient for sharing info with large groups shared knowledge base and vocabulary little individualization or choice often need feedback and coaching to supplement Observation/Assessment observation and receiving feedback e.g. peer coaching and supervision positive impact on observer and observed through discussion and feedback lessens isolation takes time, trust, and must separate observation and evaluation need to be focused and well- planned Improvement Processes curriculum/program design development or review, to implement new instructional strategies or to solve problems enhances knowledge and also collaborative capacity generally are invested in it due to local context and/or authentic problems may only involve small group may tend toward tradition and not innovation need access to research to guide decisions/actions Study Groups study regarding common issue or concern may have several groups studying different aspects of issue lessens isolation and bring focus and coherence to learning also focuses on ongoing learning individual involvement may vary or be discouraged by dominant members may become opinion-focused instead of research focused Inquiry/Action Research 5 step AR process of selecting a problem and determining an action to take tends to build knowledge and increase skills of problem solving, empowers teachers in their practice and learning takes significant individual effort, initiative and time Individually Directed Activities identify individual needs create personal plan -assess success of plan flexible, choice, individualization, geared to personal reflection and analysis may be reinventing the wheel or repetitive work if no collegial sharing is built in less likely to be connected to SIP and other areas of PD Mentoring regular meetings of more and less experienced pairs about practice and improvement both individuals learn as mentors become more meta cognitive and also develop adult communication skills time and resources, also connecting to other learners or school plans and initiatives Table 1: Professional Development Practices 2.3 IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT According to Dr. Helen Timperley (aitsl,oct 2011) , there are a number of principles identified on how professional development inpacts teachers and principal on the whole. A few of the principles are as discussed below:- 2.3.1 Professional learning is core school business First-class learning, teaching and schooling need professionals who involve methodically in increasing their knowledge and skills as part of their everyday duties. This claim is strongly accepted by the analytical research done by Robinson et al. (2008) in which they found that the leadership activity greatly influence student outcomes was leaders promotion of, and participation in, teachers professional learning and development. Kaser and Halbert (2009) explains that these occasions shall not occur regularly but refer to this principle as developing a learning-oriented design in schools that reflects the complexity required to create appropriate conditions, structures and rhythms for professional learning. 2.3.2 Improving outcomes for students forms the reason to engage in professional learning opportunities and the basis for evaluating its effectiveness Engaging in professional development allows knowledge to be deepen and skills in teaching and learning dignifies. Scholars substantially give importance to the impact of their practice on students. Experts always improvise the routine practices for students in order to create active knowledge seeking. Improving these outcomes becomes the reason to engage in professional learning, the reason to deepen knowledge and refine skills, and the basis for deciding if it is effective. Adaptive experts are constantly focused on the impact of their practice on students, and when their routines of practice are not working for students, they seek new knowledge and skills. Similarly, those leading organisations with high adaptive capacity seek these opportunities at the level of the whole school as an organisation. 2.3.3 Professional learning opportunities build deep pedagogical content and assessment knowledge focused on what is needed to improve outcomes for students Leaders and teachers must restore information at all time throughout their school day. Having this knowledge organised into conceptual frameworks means that it is known both in a practical sense and theoretically. If understandings are introduced in theory only, then problems arise when teachers try to put them into practice in their own teaching and learning contexts (Kennedy, 2004). On the other hand, leaders and teachers need to know why the understandings and practices promoted through professional learning opportunities are more effective than what they did before so that they can tailor new practices to meet the demands of particular situations. Knowing something theoretically also counterbalances the situated nature of learning referred to in the first principle, in that conceptual or theoretical knowledge allows for transfer to other situations with other students or in other curriculum areas. 2.3.4 Professional learning environments are consistent with how people learn All stage of learners are adults or young people, transform new information through the lens of prior understandings (Bransford et al., 2000; Dumont et al., 2010). These prior understandings are, in turn, structured and interpreted through existing mental models. In professional learning situations, if prior knowledge and existing mental models are not engaged, those involved may fail to grasp new concepts because they believe that existing practice is more similar to new ideas than it really is. 2.4 EFFECTIVE SCHOOL LEADERSHIP Leadership achievement always begins with vision.  A intensed vision has that power. It encourages, explains and centres the task of individualsand preferably entire organizationsfor a long period of time. Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee (2002) believes that emotionally intelligent leaders and emotionally intelligent organizations are vital in challenging times. They distinguis 18 aptitudes around four areas: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Leaders of such potential are clearly aware of their own emotional makeup, are sensitive and empowering to others, and are able to cope with day-to-day problems as they work on more essential changes in the culture of the organization. (From Fullan, 2001) Figure: 3 Framework for Leadership Concurrently effective leaders need to stay tunes to the big picture, and much more modernized at conceptual thinking, and transforming the organization through people and teams. It was my conclusion when I examined successful leadership for businesses and in school systems (Fullan, 2001). Besides this another element pertaining to successful change is that relationships improve. When relationships improve, things get better. If they remain the same or get worse, ground is lost. Therefore leaders must be consummate relationship builders with diverse people and groups especially with people different than themselves. This is why emotional intelligence is equal to or more important than having the best ideas. In complex times, emotional intelligence is a must. Hence , schools cannot be improved without improving the skills and abilities of the teachers and principals who work in them (Darling-Hammond, 2008, 2009a; Lieberman Darling-Hammond, 2011). Teachers are the ones who ultimately will implement change. Therefore, professional development processes must address their needs and concerns (Darling-Hammond, 2010a, 2010b) 2.5 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework of this proposed study is mainly based on the work of eminent educational leadership scholars, specifically Fullan ( 2000,) Hargreaves (2001) Rogan Grayson (2004) and Bransford et al.(2000), Dumont et al.,( 2010), Darling-Hammond, 2011 and Dr. Helen Timperly (2010) relating to professional development and school leadership. The underlying theories state that professional development is important for the preparation and continuous development of teachers and school administrators. Darling-Hammond (2009a) suggested that professional development should provide opportunities for teachers to reflect critically on their practice and to fashion new knowledge and beliefs about content, pedagogy, and learners. Fullan and Hargreaves (2001) leaders of tomorrow should move steadfast in transforming themselves as well as the people around them to achieve stated results. 2.5.1 Theories of leadership Through ages, multiple theories and literature have been created by many scholars with different point of view. Generally all the theories can be categorized

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. :: English Literature

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett has been writing, performing and directing since his first theatrical encounters as a student at Oxford in the early 1960's. He first gained success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and later, in collaboration with Dudley Moore, Peter Cooke and Jonathan Miller, enjoyed considerable acclaim with the original Beyond the Fringe. (www.museum.tv. Accessed 26/01/03) Alan Bennett is the archetypal Northerner, his bespeckled, dour appearance make him an unlikely celebrity and he would not look out of place as a slightly muddled professor or, as Bennett himself observes, a vicar. He says on the subject of appearances 'people often end up doing what the mirror tells them they are suited for, while feeling themselves quite different inside. And in the process whole lives are thrown away' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Bennett writes about ordinary people, involved in mundane activities, but with his unique style he can liven up the dullest tale and add interest to life's lonely outcasts. Although the stories in Talking Heads are fiction, it is easy to see that some are influenced from events in Bennett's early life. His mother suffered from depression and he uses his experience of mental illness as a core for some of his characters. As he says, the people he writes about are 'part of a story to the meaning of which they are not entirely privy' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) A reflection of Bennett's own sexuality can be seen in the character of Graham in A Chip in the Sugar, who is portrayed as an uncomfortable homosexual. Bennett described his sexuality during an interview in the New Yorker in 1993 thus 'I'd always been in love with guys but always unhappily' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Although not included in the collections of Talking Heads, the concept actually started with 'A Woman of No Importance', which was first televised in 1982. It began the trend that Bennett carried on in both Talking Heads 1 and 2. Both of these compilations contain works with similar themes running through them, loneliness, unhappiness, alienation from a changed society, and vague mental illness. The ironic wit Bennett uses to convey the almost tragic stories are central to how the characters accept the way their lives have turned out (www.museum.tv. Accessed 21/01/03) The theme of loneliness and alienation from a changed society runs like a thread through all six of the first Talking Heads stories. Each of the characters portray a struggle to 'fit in' with everyday life, some are alone and lonely, and some in a relationship of some kind, yet still lonely. The gentle humour used in each of the tales makes

Talk Show

TALKSHOW SCRIPT Dr. X:Hello and welcome to Your Life Sucks, Get Over It. Today’s topic will be violent relationships and why the heck people stay in them. We have 5 very special people on the show today. Now, first we have to get to know you. Please state your name and blood type. Tom: What does blood type have to do with ANYTHING? Dr X: Just answer the question. Tom: Uh†¦Tom†¦and I don’t know my blood type†¦ Dr X: Right then. And you, please state your name and blood type Elsa: Elsa, and why do YOU have to know my blood type? Dr. X: Because it’s MY show.YOU’RE just on it because your life sucks! Elsa: No. That’s Caitlin. NOT ME!! Dr. X: O†¦k†¦and you, name and blood type. Saint: My name’s Saint†¦and I love football. Dr. X: Wait, REAL name and BLOOD TYPE!! Saint: Patrick, and I love FOOTBALL!! Dr X: Ok, we know you like football. Now state your blood type. Saint: FFFOOOOOOTTTTTTTBBBBBBAAAAAAAAALLLLLL!!!!!!! Dr X: You know what, forget it. And you, name and blood type. Mario: Mario Ortega, blood type AB negative. Dr X: Ok, good. And you? AJ: (Starts to cry)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. AHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!! Mario: That’s AJ. He’s a little EMOtional.AJ: AHHHHHHHHH, what? Dr X: All right then. Let’s get started. So, who actually has BEEN in a violent relationship? All:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. AJ†¦AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!! Dr X: Anyone? Mario:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Me. Dr X: All right, now we got a show going! So tell us, Mario, what role did you play in the violent relationship? Mario: The violent one. Audience: OOOOOOOOOOOO!! Dr X: Hmm. What did you do to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. or him? Mario: Uh, her, and I pushed my pregnant wife out a moving car. Audience: BOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!! Dr X: Why? AJ: TO MANY QUESTIONS!!!!!! AHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!! Mario: O†¦k†¦My father got on my nerves.D r X: Oh, I see. You were mad at your FATHER so you pushed your WIFE out a moving car. That makes PERFECT sense!! Moving on! Mario: No, wait, that’s not what I†¦ Dr X: Tom, you’ve been quiet. What’s up with you? AJ: AHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!! Tom: SHUT UP!!!!!! AJ: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Tom: Thank you. Anyway†¦. AJ: (stabs self with pencil) Tom: (Looking at AJ) Uhhhh†¦ Can I move? Dr X: NO!! As you were saying. Tom: (Still looking at AJ) My best friend Nick was in a violent relationship. Dr X: (rubbing chin) Interesting. So how did this affect you? Tom: Ummm, I felt uncomfortable?Dr X: GOOD!!! AJ: AHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!! All (including audience): SHUT UP!!!!!!!! AJ: (whimpers) Dr X: Ok, Eliza†¦. Elsa: It’s ELSA!!! Dr X: How do you fit into all this? Elsa: MY best friend Caitlin was in the violent relationship with HIS best friend Nick. (Points to Tom) Tom: Don’t you point at ME like that!!!! I didnâ €™t have ANYTHING to do with it!!! Elsa: (Still pointing at Tom) I’ll point where it want to!!! AJ: AHHHHHHHHHHH!!!! Saint: I like football! Dr X: THIS IS NOT THE JERRY SPRINGER SHOW! THIS IS MY SHOW AND THERE WILL BE NO FIGHTING ON MY SHOW!DO I MAKE MYSELF CLEAR! (Everyone but AJ is absolutely quiet. AJ is still crying. Someone in the audience coughs. ) Dr X: We’ll be right back after this commercial break. Dr X: Welcome back to Your Life Sucks, Get Over It. (Looks to Tom and Elsa, who are on opposite sides of the stage. ) We were just getting to Saint. Saint: Foot†¦ Dr X: DON’T YOU SAY FOOTBALL!!!!!!! Saint†¦soccer†¦. Dr X: (dirty look to Saint) All right now. How do you fit into this? Saint: I’m Caitlin’s new boyfriend. Dr X: And how did this come about? Saint: After Nick beat Caitlin up, I asked her out.Dr X: So you were taking advantage of that vulnerability she was going through just after she and Nick broke up. Saint: Noâ € ¦ Dr X: Now, Mario, do you know anything about this particular violent relationship? What’s your connection to it? Mario: I was Nick’s anger management teacher when Caitlin got a restraining order on Nick. Dr X: So you teach an anger management class when you have your own anger problems? Mario: I got over my anger problems. Dr X: Right. So, since you’re in charge of the anger management class, why do you think that Nick beat up Caitlin?Mario: She did something he didn’t want her to do and felt like he needed to take control of her by showing her that he was in charge. Dr X: I see. Now, AJ, you’ve done nothing but cry and stab yourself with a pencil. Just where do you come into this? AJ: AHHHHHHHHHH!!! Dr X: STOP THAT CRYING!! (AJ stops crying) Now, answer the question. AJ: †¦I was in Nick’s anger management class. Everyone in there was under court orders to take the class. Everyone in there had hit his girlfriend. We all felt like we needed to control something, or someone, so we tried to control our girlfriends.Dr X: Hmm. Eliza†¦ Elsa: IT’S ELSA!! Dr X: What do you think caused Nick to feel the need to control people? Elsa: How am I supposed to know? I don’t know him; I don’t even like him! Dr X: Tom, you were Nick’s best friend, what do you think caused it? Tom: Problems at home. He and his dad didn’t exactly get along. Dr X: What do you think caused that? Tom: Nick’s dad beat him up. Dr X: Elizabeth†¦ Elsa: IT’S ELSA!! Dr X: Were there any signs before Nick beat Caitlin up that Caitlin was in a violent relationship? Elsa: Yes. Dr X: What were they?Elsa: Nick made Caitlin spend all her spare time around him, Nick made her stop hanging out with me, he always had to know where she was, he told her what to do, he even slapped her and left a big red nark on her face. Then Caitlin tried to break up with Nick, but he gave her a ring and she went out with him again, even though I confronted them both about that mark on her face. They both denied that he did that to her, but I know he did it. Dr X: Well, now you know the signs and the reasons. Make sure your life doesn’t suck because of a violent relationship. Until next time!